Leukocytes: What Is High and Low Count?
Hematology

Leukocytes: What Is High and Low Count?

    Leukocytes, commonly known as white blood cells, play a crucial role in our body's defense system. They are a fundamental component of our immune system, helping us fight off infections and diseases. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into various aspects of leukocytes, including their types, disorders, appropriate counts, and factors that can lead to abnormal levels. Additionally, we'll explore the significance of leukocyte counts during pregnancy and the symptoms and causes of high and low leukocyte counts.

    What Are the Types of Leukocytes?

    Leukocytes come in different types, each with specific functions in the immune response. The primary types of leukocytes include:

    • Neutrophils: Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cells and are known for their rapid response to bacterial infections.
    • Lymphocytes: These cells are essential for adaptive immunity and include T cells and B cells, which help the body recognize and remember specific pathogens.
    • Monocytes: Monocytes are larger cells that transform into macrophages, playing a critical role in cleaning up debris and harmful microorganisms.
    • Eosinophils: Eosinophils are primarily involved in combating parasitic infections and play a role in allergies and asthma.
    • Basophils: Basophils release histamine during allergic reactions, contributing to inflammation and immune response.

    What Are Leukocyte Disorders?

    Leukocyte disorders refer to conditions where there is an abnormality in the production, function, or count of white blood cells. Some common leukocyte disorders include:

    • Leukocytosis: This condition involves an elevated white blood cell count, often indicating infection, inflammation, or stress.
    • Leukopenia: Leukopenia, on the other hand, signifies a lower-than-normal white blood cell count, making the body more susceptible to infections.
    • Neutropenia: Neutropenia specifically refers to a deficiency of neutrophils, increasing the risk of bacterial infections.
    • Lymphocytosis: Elevated lymphocyte levels may indicate viral infections or certain autoimmune diseases.

    What Should the Leukocyte Count Be?

    A normal leukocyte count can vary from person to person but typically falls within the range of 4,000 to 11,000 white blood cells per microliter (µL) of blood. However, it's essential to note that reference ranges may differ slightly between laboratories.

    What Should the Leukocyte Count Be During Pregnancy?

    During pregnancy, it is common for some changes in blood cell counts to occur. A slight increase in leukocyte count is considered normal during pregnancy, with values ranging from 5,000 to 15,000 µL. This increase helps protect both the mother and the developing fetus from infections.

    What Are the Symptoms of High Leukocyte Count?

    When the leukocyte count is higher than normal, it can be indicative of an underlying health issue. Symptoms of high leukocyte count may include:

    • Fever
    • Fatigue
    • Inflammation
    • Enlarged lymph nodes
    • Pain or discomfort in the abdomen

    What Happens When Leukocytes Are High?

    An elevated leukocyte count often signals an ongoing infection or inflammation in the body. In response to this, the immune system mobilizes more white blood cells to combat the issue. If left untreated, chronic high leukocyte counts can lead to health complications, including organ damage.

    Why Do Leukocyte Levels Increase?

    Several factors can contribute to an increase in leukocyte levels:

    • Infection: The most common cause of elevated leukocyte counts is an infection, whether bacterial, viral, or fungal.
    • Inflammation: Inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, can trigger an increase in white blood cell production.
    • Stress: Physical or emotional stress can temporarily elevate leukocyte counts.
    • Medications: Certain medications, like corticosteroids, can lead to leukocytosis as a side effect.

    What Is High Leukocyte Count in Urine?

    A high leukocyte count in urine, also known as leukocyturia, indicates the presence of an abnormal number of white blood cells in the urine. This can be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or other urinary tract disorders. It is essential to diagnose and treat the underlying cause promptly to prevent complications.

    What Is Leukopenia?

    Leukopenia refers to a condition where the white blood cell count falls below the normal range. It weakens the body's ability to fight infections and may lead to frequent illnesses. Leukopenia can result from various factors, including viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications.

    What Are the Symptoms of Leukopenia?

    Leukopenia can manifest with symptoms such as:

    • Frequent infections
    • Fatigue
    • Fever
    • Mouth sores
    • Unexplained bruises or bleeding

    What Causes Leukopenia?

    Several factors and conditions can lead to leukopenia:

    • • Viral Infections: Viruses like HIV, hepatitis, and Epstein-Barr virus can reduce white blood cell counts.
    • • Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis can cause the immune system to attack white blood cells.
    • • Medications: Certain medications, including chemotherapy drugs, can suppress white blood cell production.
    • • Bone Marrow Disorders: Disorders affecting the bone marrow, such as aplastic anemia, can lead to a decrease in white blood cell production.

    Understanding the various aspects of leukocytes, including their types, disorders, appropriate counts, and potential causes of abnormalities, is essential for maintaining good health. Regular check-ups and prompt medical attention when necessary can help manage leukocyte-related issues effectively, ensuring a robust immune system and overall well-being.

    The content of the page is for informational purposes only, please consult your doctor for diagnosis and treatment.

    About the Author

    Medical Editorial Board

    Medical Editorial Board

    Approved by on 05.09.2023

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    Aynur UğurBİLGİN
    Hematology

    Prof. M.D.

    Aynur Uğur BİLGİN

    Koru Ankara Hospital